Swedish Life

Many thanks to Per Carlzon of Sweden for contributing the following information about the history of life in ancient Sweden.

Hi, Leigh!

How are you? I don't know if this can be of any interest to you. I have with the help of Google translate tried to translate this to some kind of understandable English. But if you have any questions don't hesitate to ask me. This give you an idea of how the life looked like for our ancestors in Sweden more than 300 years ago. Gertrud Persdotter can serve as a representative for many of our female ancestors.

In the middle of the war there was heard children screaming in St. Gettnabo, Torsås parish. It was in March 1677 as, our ancestor, Gertrud Persdotter gave life to her and her husband Anders Månsson's seventh child. But Gertrud Persdotter did not rejoice long for the newborn girl. Three months later - in June - died Gertrud Persdotter. She had for a period 11 years given birth to 7 children and it had probably affected her strength, because maternity / childbirth was not harmless. It was associated with some risks and it was not unusual for the mother to die during childbirth or shortly thereafter, in the aftermath of it. But it was not only the mother who were in danger of death / dying, including children. Infant mortality was high. When the woman gave birth she was assisted by either a so-called earth woman / earth mother or midwife. Soil old woman was usually an old woman in the village, a person with extensive experience in this sort of thing. We would call her a wise woman. In a sense you could say that the earth was a woman untrained midwife. But she was in no way less qualified for it. Her knowledge was based on long experience of childbirth. There were not many facilities available on the birth went wrong. They had scissors and waxed wire cord, hooks for turning in a wrong direction, children and pull out dead fetuses. Furthermore, they had two bowls of water. One was designed to wash away the blood and filth. The second was if they were forced to baptize a dying child. Still, it was for our deeply religious ancestors important that the child did not go into the eternal rest unbaptized. The medications that they made use of was not very developed. As an anesthetic was used a mixture of saffron and anise (which was believed to be soothing), and of course wines and spirits. Sometimes they blew snuff in the nose of the woman in childbirth, for they believed that severe sneezing gave extra impetus to the contractions. Furthermore (as if this was not enough) the women would squeeze as much as possible, usually she got help of bystanders. Earth mistress ripped, tape and pulled. At slow deliveries they attempted to speed up the process by overturning the woman in childbirth pell-mell into the bed. The idea was thus to push the recalcitrant fetus in the right position. We don't know why Gertrud Persdotter died, but it the mother who had just given birth to a child was in physically vulnerable position. She was after all weak. Diseases, often deadly, were not uncommon in Sweden back then. The last big and deadly disease was the Spanish flu abt 1919.

How are you? In my newly bought book Vår Hembygd there is a lot of valuable and exciting information about our ancestors farms to be found. I haven't been able to scan the photos yet. Meanwhile, instead, I have copied photos from above from the Swedish telephone book. If you search for an adress you can usually get pretty good photos taken from a satellite. At least this is the best I can provide you with so far. It gives you at least a rather good picture and idea how the place look like with the forest and fields. It has probably changed over the generations. Some fields have become forest and maybe the opposite too. When our ancestors lived the fields were more valuable, from an economical perspective, than the forest. Today its the opposite. I have attached photos showing the village of Råbäcksmåla. Our ancestors could be traced back in the village to 1582 and a farmer named Påfvel Nilsson. But in Vår Hembygd they claim that Påfvel Nilsson's family had owned the farm since 1475. I am not sure the information is accurate. I haven't double-checked it and I don't know which sources they have picked the information from. But the claim that the relationship looks like this. If you have genealogy program you can put a big question mark in front of the new information. Påfvel Nilsson married NN Hansdotter b.1547. She was born in Råbäcksmåla and daughter of Hans Mårtensson and NN Jönsdotter b.1526. NN Jönsdotter was also born in Råbäcksmåla and daughter of Jöns Uddesson b.1503. He was born in Råbäcksmåla too and son of Udde who was born in 1475. The photo shows the photos of the village and the farm where, according to Vår Hembygd, our ancestors lived.

I have attached a link to youtube http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prZpABJWcM0 showing a clip from the Swedish movie The Emigrants based on the books, with the same, by the author Vilhelm Moberg (1898-1973). Moberg was a controversial person. He was a strong opponent against Nazi Germany during WWII, but in the books where he described the life in Sweden in the 19th century he critizised the church's double morality back then. He was afraid of nobody. This clips give you an idea of what your ancestors went through. How their lives looked like before they went to USA. This could have in other words have been Olaus Larsson's family. The movie was partly filmed in Långasjö which is not far from Torsås. You can find out more about him on http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilhelm_Moberg

In 1644, during the war against Denmark (1643-1645), our ancestor, Peder in Getnabo, entered the position as churchwarden. He probably held that position for 3 years. It was custom to that. His responsibilities included: manage church property and report this on the parish assembly meeting. In 1686 the duties expanded. The churchwarden had to bring the wine and cachets to the altar, to keep one of the keys to the church's chest, in their presence shall adjudication about the church's inventory and furthermore were responsible for the ill cottages on the countryside plus collecting the offertory. Those responsibilities fell on one of our other ancestors, Nils Holgersson. He resigned in 1718. On November 29, 1747, was (our relative) Olof Svensson in Slätafly accused by his wife and daughter. The accused him for to live badly in the home "because he swears, fights, throw out his children, live badly with his wife". Witnesses confirmed to the assembly that the information was correct. The family members were reconciled and promised improvement, otherwise the penalty would be the stock. That kind of punishment was abolished in 1841.

I have found and attach a site and a photo of the house in Klättorp, Vissefjärda, where Sven and Hilda and three children lived between August 18, 1884 and November, 1887. The last photo on the link was where they lived. You can also find it on the other photos. They rented it from a coppersmith named Widman. The son, Albert Larsedus, was born there. The house is called Fridhem.

I have just received a book about Torsås church which contains lots of information about our ancestors and relatives and the environment they lived in. I will try to translate parts of it. The court of appeal (in 1664) had given Lars Svensson a pardon to life after, in self-defense, he had killed a man. But it wasn't over. The church hadn't punished him. The church decided that he would bend his knees three Sundays in the weapon house in Torsås church to show his sin repentance. After that Lars Svensson was to pay a visit to Kalmar. He had to bring with him a certificate "about his implemented improvement characters". He also had to pay 3 Daler silver coins to the church. This way to deal with criminals or people who had committed crimes ended in the 19th century. The church's influence in our ancestors life had started to decrease. After the Kalmar War, 1611-1613, the situation was terrible. There was an abundance of murder, fights, thefts and morality crimes. From 1620 it was the vicar's duty to supervise that the church discipline didn't lapsed in his parish. The vicar could for example ban people from the Holy Communion. There was so-called "sexmän" who would be the vicar helpful in those matters, in others words; to maintain the discipline in the parish. At least one of our ancestors, Anders Larsson, in Bränderås, was a "sexman."

The city was founded around 1600. It's named after the Danish king, Christian IV. Kristianopel replaced the city of Avaskär since it was difficult to defend. The ”new” city had a dramatic and violent history. It was severely damaged in the war 1611-1613 between Denmark and Sweden. The church was burned down too and a new was built. It was finished in 1624. There are items today which are from that period; the baptismal (1633), the king's bench (1635) and pulpit (1621). Gravestones can be found in the church's aisles. The baptismal might be where our ancestor, Brita Nilsdotter, was baptized in around 1680. She was from Kristianopel's parish. Kristianopel was the first Danish town planned according to the architectural ideals of the Renaissance. At it's height the 100 men of the garrison were responsible for 60 cannon and the protection of the 600-700 inhabitants who lived within it's walls. In 1611, as mentioned above, Kristianopel was stormed by the Swedes and put to the torch. It was later reconstructed and restored but when in 1658 Denmark was forced to cede her provinces of Skåne, Halland and Blekinge to Sweden, the town ceased to be of strategic and commercial importance. The Danes attempted to regain their lost territory but without success and in 1678 the Swedes demolished all the fortifications surrounding the town. Kristianopel was an ethnic melting pot. Dutch, Germans, Danes and Swedes lived there.

There was only one farm in Kulebo from the beginning but was later splitt. In 1707 two of relatives, brothers, Nils Ölfvingsson and Oluf Ölfvingsson lived there. They had one farm each. In 1711, however, Nils Ölfvingsson died in the plague. His descendants kept running the farm, at least, until 1857. Oluf Ölfvingsson and his wife Ingrid Andersdotter had several children; Nils, Jon, Ingrid, Sven, Anders, Oluf and Elin. Oluf Ölfvingsson passed away on December 12, 1705. The widow cultivated the farm until 1712. After that it's uncertain what happened with the family. Then a new family arrived (our ancestors); Oluf Persson and Elin Olufsdotter. One of their daugthers (another ancestor) Karin was born here in 1717. She was baptized on August 4, 1717. The parents had to their child baptized within 16 days otherwise they had to pay a fine. Oluf Persson died December 10, 1747 and Elin Olufsdotter died August 28, 1762. Both died in Kulebo and the farm was passed on to one of their sons, Börge Olufsson. He died of asthma in 1781. His descendants are still living on the farm. Our ancestor, Karin Olufsdotter, married and moved to another village. The current owner of the farm (on the photos) Staffan Axelsson is a descendant of Börge Olufsson.

Nils Ölfvingsson and Oluf Ölfvingsson were sons of (our ancestor) Ölfving Persson Kryp. He was a wealthy man and carefully selected his wifes. He was married three times and every marriage brought a new farm to the family. In 1698, at Christmas time, he bought all lights to the big chandelier in Torsås church.

The farm in the photos has gone through dramatic changes the last years. It looked very different when our ancestors lived there. The only thing in common was that it stood at same place. The rest of the village is situated left to the farm.

The first known ancestors who lived in Hallasjö was Holme Bildt. There was at that time only one farm. Over the years this situation has changed and today there are plenty. I have made a list showing the owners in Hallasjö 1535-1613.

1569-1613 Bonde Holmesson (Bildt); Holme Bildt's son. In 1611 Bonde Holmesson Bildt had two daughters living at home too.

How Holme Bildt, Lasse Bildt, Anders Bildt and Sone Bildt were related I don't know. I haven't been able to find found out whether our Bildt family was related to the Danish noble family with the same name. Some of other ancestors, Lars Svensson and Kirstin Månsdotter, arrived to Hallasjö 1667. The farm was split into two, between the brothers; Oluf Larsson and Bonde Larsson (1680-1761). Oluf Larsson d. January 22, 1699. His widow remarried and moved. This part was taken over by another brother Lars Larsson and his wife Karin Jönsdotter. They both died in the plague 1711. The next owner was Lars Larsson's sister, Elin Larsdotter and her husband Måns Andersson. They were succeeded by their son, Lars Månsson and so on. On June 6, 1706, the brothers Lars Larsson and Bonde Larsson bought the property rights to their farms. Bonde Larsson married Brita Nilsdotter (d.1766) and took over the farm. Then this farm was also split between his sons; Nils Bondesson (1726-1810) and Olof Bondesson (1712-1773). Olof Bondesson was married to Sigrid Svensdotter (d.1797) and they were succeeded by their son, Nils Olofsson (1749-1821). Our ancestor, Per Olofsson (b.1752), was younger brother to Nils Olofsson.

Bonde Larsson died of weakness due to old age, Brita Nilsdotter died of swelling and weakness due to old age, Olof Bondesson died of bloody flux and Sigrid Svensdotter died of cough and asthma. The attached photos show the farm where Per Olofsson was born. Hallasjö4 also shows where the barn stood. It was destroyed when a tree fell over it. The farm in the background was Nils Bondesson's. Outside the village it's said to have been a cholera cemetery. Bones have been found there.

How are you? I have just had a visit from Bob Larsen. We spent a couple of days together and visited places connected with the family history. He said that he had talked with you. Well, I will send you some photos and maybe Bob will do as well as soon as he has returned back to USA. In any case, I have attached the gravestone of Magnus Larsson. By the way, Peter Larsson Fröberg's great grandson, Peter Ingesson Fröberg, joined us. I have attached a photo of four relatives standing in front of the farm in Hallasjö (where Lars Pehrsson's maternal grandfather was born in 1752). It's Peter, Bob, Robert (my cousin) and me.

More to come.

Regards, Per

Hi, Evan, Gordon, Leigh and Velma!

How are you? It's soon Midsummer. Anyway, I am going to attach a photo of Södra Kyrkeby which I assume is the farm where our ancestors Per Nilsson (1641-1704) and Ingrid Nilsdotter (d.1711) lived on. The farm has going through changes over the years. Today Peter and Elisabeth Ljungström live there. She is a distant relative to us.

Regards, Per

I forgot to tell you, but yesterday it was Sweden's National Day. Actually it's not a very extended and big celebration as it is in other countries. You can always wonder why. Maybe part of the explanation is that Sweden hasn't been forced to defend it's country in any war since 1814. During WWII, for example, Norway and Denmark were occupied and Finland was attacked. Our war memories dates back to the 17th and 18th centuries. We have statues of war heroes 200-300 years ago. A park in Karlskrona is named Hoglands Park named after a battle that took place 1788. I don't know if it will change in the era of globalization, that the Swedes will be more nationalistic. When Swedes become nationalistic is when the soccer team and tennis player Robin Söderling play etc. Attached are some links about the national day and anthem.

It was first built in the 13^th century. According to the tradition some of the material came from a fortress which had been at the place before the church. It's hard to say whether this fortress has existed or not. What we know is that the church was rebuilt 1761-1773. But parts of it are older, from the old church. Recent discoveries have revealed that some of our ancestors lived in Vissefjärda and of course on a regular basis attended the divine services in the church. There was no place for discussions. They were forced to go there and if they didnt they were punished harsh. The baptismal (also attached) is from the 17^th century. Maybe our ancestors were baptized in it. It's not impossible. Our ancestors, Per Nilsson and Ingrid Nilsdotter, lived in Kyrkeby Södergård, Vissefjärda parish, at least, in 1681. They had four children; Lars, Karin (our ancestor), Ingeborg and Elin. Lars Pehrsson (d.1711 in Kyrkeby), Elin Persdotter (d.1732 in Kyrkeby), Ingeborg Persdotter (d.1770 in Rörsbo, Vissefjärda) and Karin Persdotter (d.1711 in Torhult). Those who died in 1711, probably died in the plague. Per Nilsson (b.abt. 1641-1704 in Kyrkeby) and Ingrid Nilsdotter (d.1711 in Kyrkeby) were running a farm. Vissefjärda was until the peace treaty in Roskilde in 1658 a neighboring village to Denmark. Just south of Vissefjärda was Denmark situated. But after Roskilde those provinces became Swedish.

One way to pay the troops back then was to give them farms. The lieutenant at Småland's Cavalry Ingemar Wastesson received at three occassions during the 1620's all together six farms in lifetime fief for him and his wife. Wastesson was killed in Lutzen (Germany) 1632. His widow probably became exempted from the farms about 1642 because of mismanagement.

The farms are situated in Kristdala if you are interested to find out exactly where.

I have attached some information about an relative. The links are about the, in Swedish history, famous battle.

Ingemar Wastesson became a nobility on August 9, 1631. He got this because of his military service. Wastesson
had served two Swedish kings Carl IX and Gustav II Adolf. He had served well. The attached picture shows his coat of arms. It's made by Jan-Olof Johansson based on the descriptions of the coat of arms which belonged to Ingemar Wastesson. Ingemar Wastesson was an officer in Småland's Cavalry Regiment and was killed in the battle of Lutzen on November 6, 1632.

Hi, Leigh!

How are you? I have attached a coat of arms. It belonged to Ingemar Wastesson. The intention was that this would be the coat of arms for Ingemar Wastesson's family. He became a nobleman, but was killed in the battle of Lutzen at November 6, 1632. This picture is made by Jan-Olof Johansson from descriptions of what the coat of arms were supposed to look like.

Regards, Per

How are you? We are preparing for the Walpurgis night in the of the week. It will not be celebrated the way it did before. But that is another issue. I am going through "old" photos to see what I have and not had sent you and what you can find interesting, valuable and exciting. I have been busy the last days. I have taken part in an exchange with a Polish school, but now I am back in business again. I hope my translated text about the Plague was easy to read and understand. There will be more to come. This time I have attached photos from Hallasjö where our ancestors lived. Our ancestors, Bonde Larsson and Brita Nilsdotter, cultivated one farm, but divided into two farm for their sons; Olof and Nils. Olof was our ancestor. Nils and Olof became neighbors. I have attached photos of Nils' farm. As you can see it's an old farmhouse.

A Photo of the Nils Bondesson farmhouse in Hallasjö, Sweden. Bonde Larsson divided his farm land into two farms, one for each of his two sons, Nils Bondesson and Olof Bondesson, who became neighbors.

THE PLAGUE THAT INFLUENCED OUR ANCESTORS 1710-1712

Prologue

Many of our ancestors and relatives died because of the plague. Most of them lived in Torsås parish, Vissefjärda's neighbour. Torsås went through nearly the same process. It gives you a good picture of what your ancestors had to deal with, experienced and what their lifes looked like 300 years ago. If you look in the family tree for those relatives who died in 1710-1712, the most likely cause of death was the plague. The plague arrived in the end of September 1710 to Vissefjärda. It stayed for 15 months and then vanished in the new year 1711/1712. 465 people died in Vissefjärda during this period of the plague. The first victim was the farmer Per Åkesson in Norra Brinkabo. The last one was Jöns Jönsson, a farmer's son, in Lekaremåla. The plagues has hit Europe many times. The most devastating plague was around 1350. It's estimated that 1/3 of Europe's population died. Sweden was no exception. It was the same figure here. Farms were abandoned since the owners had died. Much has been written about it from Boccaccio and Petrarca who experienced it in Italy to Albert Camus and the Swedish director Ingmar Bergman (who got an Academy award for the movie in 1957). The plague came and went. Sweden was hit in the end of the 15th century, in the 1560's, 1602-1603, 1619-1620, 1650's, 1660's and 1710-1712. In Södra Möre (which Torsås belongs to) a total of 3253 died 1710-1712 in the plague. In the city of Kalmar, 863 civilians died plus some military personnel. The southern part of southeast Sweden is said to have lost 1/3 of it's population. In the parish, Bräkne Hoby, the figure was 2/3. The city of Karlskrona was especially severely hit. It started in Riga, Latvia, which at that time belonged to Sweden, in May 1710. A ship brought the plague from Latvia to Stockholm, Sweden. Danish troops brought it to the southern Sweden (the province of Skåne). The disease was active in Stockholm in the summer of 1710. It was then spread over the country. Some areas were not very affected. The plague arrived to Kalmar in September 1710. In November 1710 the government decided that every house owner in the cities and rural areas should get: tar, pitch, resin, wormwood, nitre and sulfur to smoke in the churches and on the graveyards. In April 1711 the priest in Vissefjärda, Nils Swebilius, died. His successor, Bryniel Kinnerus, had a tough and heavy job. He wasn't able to manage to documenting all death, so he did it instead after the plague. Swebilius had started the documentation, but couldn't for obvious reasons finish what he once started. The priests were not allowed to arrange any burials. Those who didn't obey had to pay a fine of 50 dlr Silvermynt (silver coins). But the relatives took care of the burial on their own on the graveyard in Vissefjärda. The last victim, Jöns' son in Lekaremåla, who because of being stricken by the plague wasn't allowed to visit the church. When the rest of the people in the village went to the church's divine service on Christmas day they brought him with them. But he became sick “three days Christmas and a couple of days later died”. Kinnerus who was often on “sockenbud”1 was thankful for not being hit by the plague. The father of Jöns in Lekaremåla gave 8 öre in “testament” after his son to the church. The authorities decided that the people should bury the dead “in the nearest remote hill”. If it was obeyed in Vissefjärda to some bigger extent it's impossible to tell. Information provided from the priest says that many people was buried on Veseboryd's tongue of land. Bones have later been found there. Even a cranium. In the village of Lindehult a family is said to have been buried in a field. At the church it was traces of an old castle called Vesaborg. Many corpses were laid to rest in it's moat. There was after all only one place for burials for our religious ancestors and that was of course the church and it's graveyard. They didn't care too much about the orders from above. But when more and more people died in the villages, it became impossible to take the dead people to Vissefjärda church and they were instead buried closer to the villages. Failure of crops in 1708 and 1709 with enclosed undernourishment and general difficulties as a consequence of the long wars laid the foundation for the plague's high mortality. In average 50 people died each year between 1700 and 1709. But a dramatic change occurred in 1710. In that year the figure was 135. 119 of them died before the plague had arrived. The children were hardest affected. 62 of 135 was under 16 years. One example representing all small and young victims: “a small beggar-boy from Bromboda, 10 years”. People starved. 29 children in 1710 died before their 1 year birthday. All together 1116 people died in Vissefjärda parish 1700-1711. 615 of them 1710-1711. People who traveled and soldiers spread the disease via the main roads. Neighbour parishes were hit too. Fridlevstad: 461 deaths and Algutsboda: 452 deaths. Parishes who were not situated at the main roads were not hit that hard. Ljuder lost 95 people 1710-1711. Far from everyone died of the plague in Ljuder. The village in Vissefjärda who had the highest death figures was Karamåla. 63 died of the plague died there. In spite of their problem, the people in Vissefjärda took good care of their church. Maybe they wanted to please God. A new window was put in “at the altar”, an hourglass was acquired, the church's conter-windows were given a coating of tar and between June 1 and June 6, 1711, the church was whitewashed. People, back then, lived closer to death than we do. Everything was God's will. They were used to diseases as small poxes, dysentery and measles were common and often deadly. Many kids were hit by small poxes. In 1806 people was vaccinated in Vissefjärda. The priest wrote down who had natural poxes and who were vaccinated. In 1741 Vissefjärda was wasted by dysentery. 120 died of the disease. But of all diseases none was as deadly and feared as the plague. In mild cases the disease it was disclosed through spots and blisters on the skin. The more serious cases gave boils, red and blue streals under the skin, fever, attacks of vomiting and pain. The ill person also had problems breathing, hemorrhage and gangrene in hands and feet. The death came within three days.

SOME OF THE VICTIMS IN THE PLAGUE IN VISSEFJÄRDA PARISH

Dina 17 p Trinit Per Åkesson died. The plague came from Karlskrona. In one day the villages Målatorp, Kyrkeby södergård, Brinkabo (both farms), Emmaboda österby and many croft.

Many servants in Emmabo inn.

Nils' and Gumme's households in Södra Brinkabo together with Gert's offsprings were buried and a young daughter to Gert, “old” Nils and daughter, wife Ingrid. In N Brinkabo Per Åkesson's wife with many children.

N Gusemåla: Per's wife and children.

Skutaryd: Mattis and his wife.

Kimramåla: Per's wife. Gert and his son Jon. Gumme, his wife and children.

S Kyrkeby: Per's widow Sissa. Carl and wife. Lars Gummesson, wife and children.

Fiddekulla: a bunch of children.

Flädingstorp: the crofter Nils and 2 brothers of “the German people”.

Bamsekulla: Israel and children.

Backa: Hemming, the maid and children.

Bromboda: some children and Sven's widow.

Karamåla: all farms. Håkan Svensson, his wife Ingrid and many children. Per Andersson and wife Botilda. Per, wife Ingiär, Berge's wife Kirstin and many children. Staffan and some children.

Skeppebo: Karin who lived at the “half-farmer”.

Rörsbo: some children and boatswain people.

Stekaremåla: a boatswain.

Törsbo: Anders' wife Marie and children.

Bungemåla: everyone who lived there.

Förlångsö: Nils' and Eskil's households.

Bredasjö: Håkan and his son, Sune.

Björnabygden: Håkan's household.

Bussamåla: Sven Jonsson's children. Sven and wife. Gumme and his children. Inge and his wife. Erengisle's wife, son-in-law, daughter with children.

Stålberga: Håkan and all.

Nickamåla: Hindrik.

Lindön: Ingel and his whole household.

Gajemåla: Sven Trulsson. Håkan, his wife and children. Olsson's wife.

Parismåla: a bunch of children.

Bockabo: the sheriff's father Per Thorsson, his mother and many children at Per Persson's, the sheriff's wife Maria and many children.

Krukö: Olof.

Öremåla: a bunch of children.

Hyltan: Bonde, his wife, children and housed people with children.

Muggetorp: Ingel.

Ingelsmåla: Sven and children.

Storegården: children.

Lekaremåla: Gumme and his children.

Öjasjömåla: Carl's wife.

Eremitemåla: many housed.

Sutaremåla: wife and children.

Pellamåla: both farms and children.

Bläsemåla: Sten.

Buemåla: maids.

Tången, Hofgården.

Fåglasjö, Prämbo and Stångsmåla were also hit by the plague. The last destinations were Fiddekulla and Lekaremåla.

When the priest visit a dying person to pray with and give him communion.

I am going the material I have and step by step translate it so you can have any use of it. Here is something that you can add to the family tree. In 1674 one of the ancestors, Tygge Sunesson, came in argument with the soldier Gumme Nilsson about who had the right to the farm in Löfsmåla. Sunesson killed Gumme Nilsson with an axe. His penalty was to financially support the widow.

Hi, Denise, Donna, Judy, Laura, Leigh, Paul and Steven!

How are you? I have attached a document consisting of several old photos and pictures showing the outside and inside of different farmhouses and farm buildings in the southeast Sweden, the area where your ancestors lived. This can give you a good picture of how they lived. I will try to translate the text later.

Regards, Per

PS. The first picture is a barn. Ds.

Hi, Bob and Leigh!

I found some photos which might be of interest for you, since they show how your ancestors were dressed. This how they were dressed in the 18th century. They might not have been dressed like the woman in red and man in blue, but as the others.

More to come.

Regards, Per

How are you? I just wanted to wish you a Happy Easter. The Spring has arrived. The temperature is perfect. I have added two articles about Easter in Sweden.

Sweden is a large country with a lengthy coastline, as the tourist brochures keep telling us. So when the big seasonal holidays come round, Swedes embark on long journeys to visit friends and relatives.

Although contemporary Swedes are an urban people, most of whom live in cities or large towns, the vast majority still have one foot in the countryside. If they don’t have any family left in rural parts, they often possess a holiday cottage there. An agrarian strain runs through Sweden’s self-image: this is a nation of strong, sinewy peasants, raised on meat and turnips. Most people are agreed that festive occasions in Sweden should be celebrated in the countryside. Easter is no exception. Easter is the first extended weekend of the spring, and for many this means the first trip out to their holiday cottage, which has been locked and deserted all winter. There are window shutters to be opened and stuffy rooms to be aired. The woodstoves are lit, and the smoke fills the kitchen, naturally. Coughing and spluttering, you flee out to the yard, where the wagtails — if you live in southern Sweden, that is — have just begun their mating ritual and the last of the snowdrifts are melting in the pale spring sunshine. In the north, Easter is more of a skiing holiday. Once the cottage has been cleaned, swept and warmed up, Easter can begin. The members of the family arrive from near and far. At Easter, the aim is to gather as many relatives together as possible.

While in other countries Easter is specifically a religious holiday, it has become a secular one in Sweden. The Swedes are well down in the statistics when it comes to church visits per year, and even if Easter swells the numbers slightly, most people celebrate it at home with their families and relatives. Many of the practices associated with Easter have religious origins, but this is not something that bothers Swedes much. They eat eggs because they have always done so — not because they have just completed a fast. Nowadays, eggs are a favourite accompaniment to the dish of pickled herring that is the centrepiece of most Swedes’ Easter meals. And few associate the omnipresent birch twigs — nowadays decorated with brightly coloured feathers — with the suffering of Christ. Easter has its own rituals.

Children dress up as Easter witches; clad in discarded clothes, gaily coloured headscarves and red-painted cheeks, they go from house to house in the neighbourhood and present the occupants with paintings and drawings in the hope of getting sweets in return. Having consumed all these sweets, they are then given Easter eggs filled with yet more. Parents of a more ambitious turn of mind let the children search for the eggs themselves in a treasure hunt — following clues and solving riddles until they find their prizes. A traditional Easter lunch is likely to consist of different varieties of pickled herring, cured salmon and Jansson’s Temptation (potato, onion and pickled sprats baked in cream). The table is often laid like a traditional smörgåsbord. Spiced schnapps is also a feature of the Easter table. At dinner, people eat roast lamb with potatoes au gratin and asparagus or some other suitable side dish.

Easter

by Agneta Lilja, Södertörn University College

In Sweden, the Easter celebrations used to begin with the three days of Shrovetide, full of carnivals, games and revelry. One of the more popular activities was to playfully thrash each other with birch twigs on Shrove Tuesday. Another Shrovetide practice was to toboggan down steep slopes so that the flax would grow tall. People were also supposed to mark Shrove Tuesday by eating seven hearty meals. A 40-day fast then followed, with its own rules concerning food, such as a ban on eating meat or eggs.
Easter, the most important Christian festival of all, commemorates the resurrection of Christ. It begins on Palm Sunday in celebration of his triumphant entry into Jerusalem. In olden time the red-letter days in Holy Week before Easter were governed by church decree. On Maundy Thursday, you were not allowed to spin or chop wood, as this might intensify Christ’s suffering. Also on that day, witches flew off to consort with the Devil at Mount Blåkulla, and people used to protect themselves by painting crosses on their front doors and hiding broomsticks and rakes so that the witches could not fly on them. Good Friday was spent in quiet contemplation. People dressed in black and ate salty food without anything to drink. Young people thrashed each other with birch twigs. The whole week was designed to recall Christ’s suffering and death on the cross.
On Easter Saturday, the celebrations turned joyful, and people began eating eggs again. Eggs were sometimes painted in different colours, probably because they were often given away as presents. In the 19th century, Swedes began filling paper eggs with sweets. In western Sweden, the practice was to light bonfires, fire shotguns and shout to scare away witches. People sent one another anonymous Easter letters with their own designs. The custom of bringing birch twigs into the house and decorating them with coloured feathers dates back to the 1880s. In southern Sweden, egg games, such as egg-bashing, have long been popular. Trick-or-treat became an Eastertime tradition in the 19th century, originally practised by adults in masks and costumes, but later by young girls.

Oluf Kryp was farmer in Brändabo 1630-1651. In 1639, he was older than 60 years. He was most likely the same person as Oluf Bondesson Kryp. If so, he was brother to Ölfving Persson Kryp's grandfather. Ölfving Persson succeeded his relative in 1652. He cultivated the farm until 1680 when he moved to Karsbo. One of his sons, Måns Ölfvingsson, succeeeded him. His wife died in the plague 1711. Maybe he did too. He had a child when he was not married. This child was born June 10, 1677. According to the District Courthelp they would help each other to support the child. But Ölfving Persson was also succeeded by his daughter, Ingrid Ölfvingsdotter, and her husband and their family. They moved to Torhult before 1689. Then suddenly another of Ölfving Persson's children owned the whole farm. His name was Oluf Ölvingsson. He was married three times.

The second wife died in 1711, probably the plague. Oluf Ölvingsson's descendants ran the farm at least until 1821.
Ölfving Persson Kryp was living in Karsbo 1644. He was then the State's sawyer. In 1645 he was "housed". Do you what I mean? 1649-1651 he was farmer in Slätafly.

About 1680 he moved to Karsbo again. According to the church accounts he, at Christmas Day, 1698 donated "all the candles in the big chandelier". It was of course Torsås church.

Hi, Leigh, Paul and Steven!

I searched the internet yesterday and found information about our ancestors. I haven't confirmed it yet though. A few minutes ago I wrote the woman responsible for the site to see where she had got the information from.

Per Germundsson (1654-1723) in Torhult was married to Karin. According to the site her name was Karin Persdotter. I have earlier read that she carried that last name. But on the site it said that she was from Vissefjärda. Her parents, according to the site, were Per Nilsson (b.abt. 1641-1704) and Ingrid Nilsdotter. They lived in Kyrkeby Södergård, Vissefjärda. Per Nilsson was buried May 15, 1704. If Per Nilsson was the father of Karin Persdotter, he might have been born in the 1630's rather than 1641. She got her first child in 1679. She might have been born around 1660, then her father would have been around 20-25 I guess and then he must have been born 1635-1640. I dont know whether to put to much trust in this information right now, before learning anything about her sources, but you can at least put a question mark before Karin Persdotter's parents.

I have also found information about Germund Gudmundsson's heritage, but I will check that with her first.

Paul, you asked about Oluf Bondesson Kryp. I have extended story about he and his family, which I intend to translate for you and I can do it for Leigh and Steven as well.

More to come.

Regards, Per

Hi, Leigh!

I have added an article about a revolt where our ancestors took part in. There is only a short summary of it. Many more could be added. Let me know if you have trouble finding the ancestors in the family tree.

Regards, Per

Nils Dacke was the leader of a 16th century peasant revolt in Småland, southern Sweden called the Dacke War (Swedish: Dackefejden), fought against the Swedish king Gustav Vasa. It was the most widespread and serious civil war in Swedish history and almost toppled the king.

Gustav Vasa had come to power at the head of a peasant army in 1523. He had established Sweden's independence from Denmark and made Protestantism the national religion. Småland found itself on the border between Sweden and Denmark and was hard hit by Vasa's ban on cross border trade. In addition, the hard-handed way the church was reformed and the increasing tax burden led to much dissatisfaction among the poor peasants. Already in 1536, Nils Dacke was tried at a local court for killing a sheriff: according to court records he was fined 10 oxen.
The uprising started in June 1542 with the assassination of more sherrifs and tax collectors. Gustav Vasa underestimated the military prowess of the peasants and sent his German mercenaries to quell the revolt. The landsknechts were however unsuited for battle in the rugged forests and suffered heavy losses. Dacke had devised defensive tactics which allowed the peasants to use their steel crossbows with devastating effect. Dacke's successes helped spread the revolt over all the southern provinces of Sweden. The situation was so serious that the king was forced to sue for peace and a one-year ceasefire was signed on November 8. During the ceasefire Dacke was the de facto ruler of southern Sweden and received (and declined) offers of foreign support. He reinstated the ceremonies of the Roman Catholic Church and reopened the cross border trade in the areas under his control.
The king broke the ceasefire in January 1543 and sent a new and larger army into the rebellious area. Royal propaganda had been spread to win over the population and turn them against Dacke. Nils Dacke himself had become overconfident after earlier successes and met the Royal army in a pitched battle in March. The trained soldiers fighting on their own terms shattered the peasant army and Dacke was severely wounded himself. After this defeat the rebellion was all but over and Dacke became an outlaw. He was shot and killed in 1543 on the border between the two nowadays southern Swedish provinces Småland and Blekinge, then a border between Sweden and Denmark, while trying to escape from the king's mercenaries. Dacke was executed posthumously and his bodyparts were sent for public display in larger communities that had supported him during the rebellion. Gustav Vasa ordered the annihilation of Dacke's entire family, but was milder against those who had given themselves up. Thus, the unity of the realm was restored.
As a result of the war the king was henceforth more careful when dealing with his subjects. The reliance on foreign mercenaries in the army was reduced in favour of soldiers of Swedish extraction (many of which were recruited in Småland) and this laid the foundation for Sweden's military successes in later wars.

Dackefejden (English: The Dacke feud or Dacke war) was a peasant uprising led by Nils Dacke in Småland, Sweden, in 1542 against the rule of Gustav Vasa. Dacke and his followers were dissatisfied with the heavy burden of the taxes, the introduction of lutheranism and the confiscations of the churches property. In 1543 the uprising was crushed, and Nils Dacke killed.

Nils Dacke and his peasants were dissatisfied with the policies of the king Gustav Vasa. In his effort to modernize Sweden and gain more power, the king had instituted a more efficient system for tax collection. The heavy burden of the taxes angered many peasants. Gustav Vasa had also broken relations with Rome and promoted lutheranism instead of Catholicism, to be able to confiscate the properties of the church. In 1541 the kings men had confiscated many of the belongings of the churches in Småland, such as the church silver and even the church bells, to finance the army. Dacke criticised the new church order and promoted the old faith. He was also supported by many local priests. The rebellion was one of many rebellions during the rule of Gustav Vasa. In contrast with other contemporary rebellions in Sweden, this one was led by peasants, and not supported by the local nobility.

The uprising began in the summer of 1542 when the kings bailiffs were attacked and killed when they came to collect taxes. Gustav Vasa responded by sending a military force led by his own brother-in-law Gustav Olovsson Stenbock. Hes attempt to crush the rebellion failed, and he was defeated by Dackes constantly growing army of peasants. Other attempts to defeat Dacke military also failed. Instead all supplies of provision and other necessities to the region were stopped. This weakened the rebellions considerably. Defaming propaganda about Dacke was also spread, labelling him a traitor and a heretic. In March 1543 Gustav Vasa ordered his army of Swedish recruits and German landsknecht mercenaries to attack Småland. This time bigger forces were deployed, and Dacks forces was attacked from two directions - from Östergötland and Västergötland. The uprising was crushed, and Dacke was wounded but managed to flee.

The kings revenge on the instigators of the rebellion was hard. The leaders that were caught were executed together with the priests that had supported Dacke. Peasants that had supported the rebellion was deported to Finland where they had to serve in the army, and the counties where the rebellion had taken place had to pay a big fine to the king. Dacke himself was caught and killed in August 1543 when trying to escape the country. According to the legend, his body was taken to Kalmar where his head was publicly displayed wearing a crown of copper, as a warning to others. The rebellion had been the most serious threat to the rule of Gustav Vasa, but after having defeated it he managed to consolidate his power, concentrating more and more power at the hands of the monarch.

The feud from a family perspective: A couple of spontaneous revolt attempts took place in the border area. In 1536 a few peasants from Torsås parish killed Jakob Skrivare. He was one of the king's men. One of the killers were our ancestors Bonde Olsson (Torsås). Jon Andersson (one of Nils Dacke's allies) was seeking conciliation with the king's people. In a letter in August to the Governor at Kalmar castle, Ernst Jonsson, he demanded that the conciliation should include all 9 or none. The other seven had killed Jakob Skrivare and gone in the woods as outlaws. After a few days Ernst Jonsson declared that all nine had been given ”day and self-conduct”. He let them go free after the bargain. ”He had given them friendship, since they had promised a stately amount in silver, money and oxes”.

After the revolt or the Dacke feud the Gertorn(sson) brothers were killed in May 1543 by a couple of farmers. Two of our ancestors took part; Bonde Olsson (Torsås) and Mårten Olsson (Gettnabo). At that time they were awarded instead by the king with tax-exempt for 3 years. As with all internal conflicts people will be divided. The Dacke feud was no exception. Bonde Olsson and Mårten Olsson were no forest farmers and had probably not supported Nils Dacke. Torsås parish was ruined after the feud. A failure of crops came in the 1540's too. A collective punishment was given to the area. Every farmer had to pay 2 Mark. Gustav Vasa used the same method as the Soviet Union leader Josef Stalin did after WWII when he deported people who he found disloyal.

The famous American actress Michelle Pfeiffer has Swedish roots and is a descendant of the Dacke Family in Blekinge. It's possible that she in one way or the other is an offspring of Nils Dacke, the revolt leader.

I have attached two maps showing Sweden and what Sweden looked like in 1658, when Sweden was one of the greatest powers in Europe. The following wars decimated Sweden's strength step by step. In one of the maps I have marked where Torsås is situated with black colour. Hopefully this can be of some help understanding the situation our ancestors had to deal with. The brown area south of Torsås was until 1658 Danish. More to come.

Regards, Per

Hi, Leigh and Velma! How are you? I have translated and copied some information about our ancestors and relatives which shows that they according to the law back then is some way acted like Al Capone during the Volsted Act, and I haven't even written about the speakeasies placed nearby the churches that our ancestors attended. In other words; more to come. Regards, Per

Al Capone and his fellows were no inventors of smuggling. Our ancestors were involved 400 years before Capone and his gang. The Swedish king Gustav Vasa tried to stop the trade in 16th century, but was unsuccesful. The ancestors got more paid for the cattle in Denmark than Sweden, so they brought their cattle to Denmark instead and sold it there. Vasa wanted them to make business in Kalmar (Sweden) rather than Ronneby, Avaskär and Lyckå (Denmark). It was a question of losing income for Sweden. But he also didnt want Sweden to become depended on Denmark. Several wars were fought between Denmark and Sweden. In 1658 at the peace in Roskilde the map changed. A couple of Danish provinces became Swedish and the border was moved south. Lyckå, Avaskär and Ronneby were now Swedish, but still the government were reluctant to have a totally free trade (see below).
Nils Dacke rebellion in the 1500s was not a single proof of Småland's despite against state power. Their despite resistance and resentment lived on for centuries. The Age of Liberty (1718-1772) didn't change the situation. Since Gustav Vasa's days it was strictly forbidden to trade in the countryside. It was only selling its own products. It also had to buy supplies for their own use. But it was only in the cities that it was permissible to professionally do the buying and selling others' products. This was something that strongly dismissed by the peasant. In return, it was difficult to prosecute this illegal trade. Gustav Vasa said it was equally difficult to "take all these buyers for the head", as capture all the wolves which ran in the woods. In the 1740's the peasants were warned even from the pulpit not to transfer any timber, such as timber, beams, boards and the like. But apparently our relatives did not respond positively to the Church words and admonitions, as they continued to bring their goods to Karlskrona. In November 1748 some farmers and a rural police chief were brought to trial. They were the owners of three boats with illegal timber cargo board. Some of them had delivered to trade man Paul Pihlgaard in Karlskrona, which in turn had delivered to the Karlskrona shipyard for Royal Admiralty's behalf. In February 1749 the proceedings resumed and the farmers who had delivered wood to Nils Petersson and Carl Stensson's shipload were also at the trial. Including Lars Israelsson in Törnemåla and Olof Andersson in St Skörebo. It emerged during the trial that Carl Stensson and Nils Petersson was not the sole owner of the boat. One of the owners above mentioned Olof Andersson, though not convicted in the trial.
Olof Andersson was our ancestor. Lars Israelsson was brother to one our ancestors.

The Age of Liberty
When Charles XII. died, Sweden found itself in a kind of political vacuum. Charles XII. had ruled from his camp. Unlike Gustav Adolf, he did not delegate authority on ministers, but decided mostly himself in a truly absolutist style. And so, government perished with him in 1718. Back in Stockholm were Baron Goertz, Charles XII. confidant, Ulrika Eleonora, Charles' sister, her husband Frederik of Hessen, then Karl Fredrik of Holstein-Gottorp, another candidate to the Swedish throne, and the Swedish Estates (Riksdag). Ulrika Eleonora had the unpopular Baron Goertz arrested and - after accepting a number of conditions - was payd homage by the estates. These conditions limited royal power; they are regarded being a contract between sovereign and people. Actually, power shifted to the Rigsrad which was responsible to the estates. The period dominated by Rigsrad, the estates and their parties is called Sweden's ERA OF LIBERTY (1718-1772). Two rival parties emerged, the hats and the caps. At first, the older CAPS, a group around Arvid Horn, dominated Swedish politics until 1738. They generally were pro-Russian and pursued a policy of peace. From 1739 to 1765 the HATS, generally pro-French, mercantilist and aimed to regain Sweden's status as a great power. From 1765 to 1765, it was the caps again, from 1769 to 1772 the hats again. The age of liberty came into being, because the influential politicians in the estates - foremost the noblemen - took advantage of the power vacuum which appeared at Charles XII. death in 1718. There were several claimants to the Swedish throne, and the estates, by paying homage to ULRIKA ELEONORA, were kingmakers. They assured, that the future kings resp. queens would not rule absolute. The privileges obtained by the estates limited royal power so far, that Sweden in fact became what later historians described as an aristocratic republic . The king's say in politics was limited. The crown was passed on frequently, and every new king had to sign the estates' privileges before being paid homage. During Sweden's age of liberty (a more contemporary expression), the country's constitution was based upon the ideas formulated by ERIC SPARRE (-1600) : the constitutional principle, the democratic principle, the bureaucratic principle, the corporative principle, the secrecy principle. The constitution foresaw the separation of the branches of government, with clearly defined responsibilities. However, the corporative principle assured that only the property owning segment of population, organised by estate, could participate in political decisions, a principle which clearly favoured the nobility and clergy. The older caps (until 1738), aware of Russia's military power and Sweden's inferiority, preserved peace. When the hats took over in 1739, they looked for an opportunity to recover territories ceded to Russia in 1721. In the Russo-Swedish War of 1761-1743, the regiment from Dal had suffered extraordinary losses; here in May 1743 dissatisfied Dalecarls met and marched on Stockholm, demanding Prince Karl Peter Ulrich to be crowned King of Sweden. They camped on a market aquare in central Stockholm; violence erupted and the Dalecarls were suppressed. The event, under the name of Store Daldansen (great Dalecarl dance), entered the history books as Sweden's last peasant rebellion.
The wars showed that Sweden was too weak to defend itself without having a strong ally. Foreign states interfered in Sweden's politics, the Russians and English supporting the caps, the French supporting the hats - this support included bribes. Sweden's politicians increasingly became dependent on foreign subsidies, as an extraordinary source of income.
In 1766 the Riksdag enacted PRESS FREEDOM, which has been a pillar of Swedish society ever since.
In the late 1760es Swedish politics underwent a transformation. Traditionally the noble estate provided active leadership in Sweden's Riksdag (parliament). In 1772 the non-noble estates demanded that non-nobles and nobles alike should be appointed to higher office only on their merits and capability, an affront to nobility.
The last WITCH TRIAL in Sweden was held in 1720.
In 1774 the first Jewish family was permitted to take up permanent residence in Stockholm.

Måns Larsson was called "the state's sawyer", which might have something to do with the oak forests in Tjärekulla where he lived. The state needed the oak to building ships and it was forbidden to cut down or delimbing the oaks. The state was responsible for the logging. Måns Larsson was a trusted man. He signed the 1670 years Census and was a juryman too and is mentioned in the court records 1669 and 1670. In 1674 the people in Torsås tried to get Johan Wallerman selected to parson in Torsås. A letter was sent to the bishop and the church administration in Kalmar. It was undersigned "of some of the parishe's oldest bailies and jurymen, together with some men of honour". Among them was Måns Larsson. Their efforts were fruitful. Johan Wallerman was selected. In his youth he was too hot for porridge when he found his soul love Anna Andersdotter. They had to pay 2 Daler for making love before marriage. It took place in 1642. He was an enterprising man. In 1669 he expanded his domains and together with his brother-in-law Per in Tånghult bought a farm in neighbouring village in Björsebo. Anders Olufsson in Björsebo was indigent. Maybe Anders Olufsson was Måns Larsson's father-in-law?

It was not uncommon back then that the farms were deserted. The Danes ravaged at the border. After Gustav II Adolf invaded and burned Kristianopel, the Danes revenged by burning down all farms in Torsås on Christmas 1611. The same thing happened in 1616. "1616 Torsås was totally ravaged and burned by the Danes" the record says. In 1629 there was 87 farms deserted, in 1631 the figure was 67. In 1644 Swedish forces tried to invade Kristianopel. The border parishes (Danish and Swedish) made own peace agreements. It had happened several times before. It angered the Danish commander of Kristianopel that he sent his troops to Torsås the same year. Torsås was once again ravaged with killings and fire. In 1645, there was 137 farms deserted. When Queen Kristina gave the Södra Möre (where Torsås belongs to) to Axel Oxenstierna many left their farms. In 1651, 37 farms were deserted in Torsås. 1653-1655 a severe plague hit Torsås and nearby parishes. Many people died and farms were left deserted. Whole families died. Another war hit Torsås in 1657. The Danes burned 37 farms in Torsås. Half of Björsebo was deserted in 1658 and in 1659 the whole farm. 1660 and 1661 half was deserted again. Måns Larsson's farm in Björsebo was split between his son Per Månsson and Sven Månsson. In 1689 Per Månsson became in a financial difficult situation. Even though Björsebo was in our relatives' hands for nearly 300 years.

We celebrated Christmas yesterday. We ate, talked, opened presents and played Trivial Pursuit. It was a very pleasant time, so for obvious reasons you were very tired when you went to bed. I think it was a pretty traditional Swedish Christmas. There was sausages, potatoes, egg, fish, Jansson's temptation (I don't think it's the opposite of temptation, but many people like it - so if you want the recipe just tell I will send it your way), kroppkakor and pork etc. Anyway, I will make a test in this email. I have this year written an article to Vissefjärda folklore society's book I Dackebygd about the wars and peaces in Torsås and nearby parishes. I have translated it in "translate google" and I am not sure the translation is 100 % accurate. I have attached it and you can read and see if you understand. Just ask and I will clarify and explain what I mean. Sveno Nicolai was Paul's ancestor (and related on Olaus Larson's stepmother's side).

In 1566 at, Mikaelitid (I dont know how you translate this time of year), the vicar Sveno Nicolai to Torsås. According to Kalmar pin herdaminne he had related to the Storegården, St Väcklinge, Reftele, Jönköping. An area that had suffered even worse by the war than Torsås. Southern Möre, however, were hard hit. The Danes had ravaged the game and many farms in Torsås was devastated, including the vicarage. At the bishop of searches in 1590 told Sveno Nicolai priest on the farm's permit; "Everything was destroyed. Fields were not sown, and diaphragm farms were burnt up." In 1565 there were 123 farms in Torsås. Of those, 55 have been burned, 21 rövade, 1 destiny, 1 rövade and destiny, 4 burnt and deserted. [1] Southern Möre had suffered many wars and civil wars in 1400 - and 1500s. An experience which we shared with its neighbors in the then Danish Blekinge. The population on both sides of the border had a rule no quarrel with each other. Quite the contrary. They married across the border and in spite of unrest and hostilities between the countries named Blekinge residents their children in Vissefjärda church. There was also a major trade. Animal husbandry was important and the demand for livestock products was high in Danish and Swedish köporter. It was particularly the Danish köporterna that attracted the Småland farmers. For towns Avaskär, happiness and Nasir were horses, bullocks, hides and butter. The price of these goods was higher than in Blekinge in Småland. Gustav Vasa, however, imposed ban on this trade, but it seemed ineffective. It was probably a major smuggling and there was no opportunity for the king's servant to prosecute trafficking. Gustav Vasa suspect and even the servants were puppet. But cross-border cooperation is also the case for peace.

Blekinge Farmers and Småland Farmers had more in common with each other than the opposite, and little access to Copenhagen and Stockholm. The war fought over in their area are mired in problems. Experience of the war led to the Monday, 1505 gathered at the Hjortsberga Blekinge. There were representatives from Småland, Blekinge and Scania. It was decided that it would warn each other in the event of war, not to follow his men beyond the limit, all trade and communications across the border would be free and offenders would have no sanctuary. The border area was otherwise a hold on society's offenders. He renewed since 1506, 1509, 1510 and 1523. At peace in 1510 tightened further, and Monday the tone of a letter written by the bailiff Jens Munk of the peace, at Lyckås castle, says: "that they wanted no tax ration until they had received the peace. And I can not get by them, neither the castle's needs or to myself, not so much as a chicken! "
The summer of 1542 broke out Dacke Feud. The arrest and execution of Per in the Hult was the triggering factor. Seeking revenge is not forthcoming. Dacke and his followers soon to hit. First unlawful and killed during the bailiff Nils Andersson and his men a piece of Voxtorp. The next target was the bailiff Nils Larsson's farm. Nils Larsson and Arvid West Göte rested dinner in a cottage. The cottage surrounded by Dacke and his men. Fogdarna awakened and was invited to give itself, which it did. Then there was a fierce debate among Dackes men, whether to allow fogdarna buy their way out or not. It appeared initially as if everything was set for a redemption tion. But then reeve farm was looted fogdarna out in the woods where they shot to death. According to information shall Nils Dacke affinity Sven Gertornsson have played a crucial role and it was decided that if fogdarnas death. Next stop was NOBLEMEN man Gudmund hay farm located in the Grass Garden. Since a number of years was Gudmund lay seriously ill and was basically waiting for death. And it came, probably in a different guise than he had believed. Nils Dacke and his men shot to death hay with three solders [2] through life. As usual, which destroyed since this farm. Allmogens reaction to this bloody drama was at first very cautious, but Dacke was purposeful approach, called the farmers to things and searched where persuade the congregation to a joint decision. The other side's reaction was initially cautious. The King in Kalmar, Germund Smith, tried to gain time by getting allmogen to stay calm. But the avalanche had already set in the rolling. Gustav Vasa had recruiting thousands of German mercenaries. Although it was professional warriors, while enormously expensive. The German mercenaries devoured (almost literally) huge sums. [3] The soldiers proved to be enormously adept at battlegrounds. But Dacke looking up mercenary soldiers Achilles heel, and they chose him as DOMESTICATED deep Småland forests. Frontier forests as Dacke and his men knew inside and out, was their best allies. They knew every branch, cave, stones and spruce. Here, they were unbeatable. An old proven method was to benefit from the forests and often stone-bound Småland terrain. For a long time used to it abatis, called debris, halting the enemy advance while the enemy's retreat roads blocked by trees prepared precipitates. Then the enemy was easy prey for guerrilla war the crossbows archers.
The simplified it significantly was the German mercenary soldiers far from quiet entrance into the dark forests. It announced its arrival with the sound of the drum swirls. That, plus the colorful outfits, did they became easy prey tire guerrilla war. They were armed with crossbows, which usually was made of steel and sometimes the horns. You could send arrows up to 350 meters. They were, however, direct killing of hundreds of meters. Every man had a quiver with eight dozen arrows, pålyxa, spears or swords. It also bore a steel HARNESS and any kind of iron hat. The rebellion spread like wildfire. Nils Dacke sent out a relay. This meant that it was serious. Budkaveln was usually a short Wooden rod. You who have seen and read Vilhelm Moberg's Ride of the Night know that it was burnt in one end. At the other end was hanging on a rope. It symbolized that unless the kaveln further would be hanged, and even farm would be burned.

When kaveln arrived were each required to pay up to rural defense. It was shown no mercy for those who refused to either pass on kaveln or stand. "He will be all traitors and punish non with a fine, but with life."
Nils Dacke made a master-stroke, and the summer of 1542 concluded a border of peace in Kolshult, Blekinge, with the Danish Blekinge Farmers. It was agreed that Blekinge farmers would warn and help smålänning shares if the Danish king tried to assist his Swedish colleague. Thus was also backs secured. Thereafter, intensified the military actions from the sidewall.
But soon turned the war happiness and Gustav Vasa took command and after a victory in the northern part of Kalmar, were wounded, and eventually Nils Dacke were killed and the rebellion was then only a memory. Then it was quiet for almost 20 years.

1563 Nordic sjuårskriget broke out. During the war was peace between the Småland herea procedures, Sunnerbo, Allbo and Kinne Elected and Scanian Göinge. Erik XIV called it a "traitor bond of peace". Even a nobleman and a sheriff who had their own interests to defend was involved in peace. In that case shared the same view as farmers, that is to keep war away from their farms. But this sort of action was not seen kindly by Erik XIV. In a diary note from October 1566 writes Erik XIV: "Did the Procurator Jöran Persson to me, that the Småland peasants were punished by the King without permission had concluded peace with Göinge inhabitants in Denmark anno 1564."

Nordic sjuårskriget is the longest and most devastating of all Danish-Swedish war. Both sides engaged in extensive looting in the border region. In Småland, il and Östergötland ravaged more than 7 000 farms and many cities. [4] A particularly brutal incident in this war was Nasir carnage when the entire population is said to have been executed.
1611 Kalmar War broke out. It lasted two years. Once again South Möre hit hard by the Danes' ravages. Many farms were burnt down. IS Örjan Gårds book Anor and memories are following that read: "The year 1611 was Prince Gustaf Adolf Christian Opel in Blekinge, looted and burned the town. Seeking revenge is not forthcoming. Christmas 1611, the night after last Christmas Day, burned every farm in Torsås. The residents were in the then very tough winter cold seek refuge in the woods. Many died but the survivors became a hardened generation. "

Now the truth was clearly not as pitch-black. But the neighborhood was hit hard by the war there can be no doubt. Papal Shepherd John Simonius Falkius [5] (probably Sveno NICOLAIS son-in-law) were forced to leave Torsås, which was due to two things: that the parish was the ravage of the enemy and that the vicarage had been burnt down. During the Kalmar War reached a peace, but now will be peace are more geographically limited. Southern Möre and the adjacent parts of Blekinge included peace with each other. Again punished this act.

The wars between Denmark and Sweden continued. In the 1640s fought another. Danish troops crossed the border and with the following looting and death. 1644 concluded a peace between Vissefjärda and Fridlevstad at the initiative of parish priests. The place was Fur, which until the peace in Roskilde in 1658 constituted the border between Sweden and Denmark. This agreement was renewed in the next war between Sweden and Denmark 1657-1658. Vissefjärda represented when the vicar Nils Petri Bock and county Supervisor Per in Bockabo. The first had in fact been at peace in 1644. Nothing in the relations between farmers on both sides of the border seems to have changed. Poisons targets across the border continued. On 26 February 1658 signed peace in Roskilde. It changed in a few pen the Nordic map. It meant including to Skåne, Blekinge, Halland, Bornholm, Bohuslän and Trond Heims county was Swedish. Fur, Holmsjö and Fridlevstad o.s.v. since the early Middle Ages had been was now Danish and Swedish tax paid to Stockholm instead of Copenhagen. The last war that directly affected South Möre of war was Scanian War 1675-1679. Once again concluded a peace in Fur. If the latter, peace writes Vissefjärdasonen Gösta Hultén: "Fred papers are unfortunately not been preserved. Several states have been destroyed in the main building on the farm peninsula in Vissefjärda burned down in 1700. In its quest for peace, reconciliation and brotherhood in the raging war, is the Danish-Swedish gränsfreder that the ethnic cleansing, the absolute opposite. Bond Fred are meant to the peoples on both sides of the border came to peace, despite the fact that the kings of Stockholm and Copenhagen declared another war. "Bond Fred Erna during 1500 - and 1600 figures represent a rare example of the English and even European history at the borders sometimes have a tendency to be just a bureaucratic product rather than something natural. The Swedes and Danes, on both sides of the border, had more in common with each other than with other parts of their own countries or the kings who ruled them in the same way that some people in the North African countries today where they have more in common with the neighbor in the other country than with their own countrymen. Oskar Schindler says in the movie Schindlers list that war brings out the worst in man, never the best. Border farmers agreements with each other during the wars of 1500 - and 1600-figures to disprove Schindlers reasoning. Wars picked up the best of them.

How are you? I have attached some photos. The first one shows the farm in Kulebo where our ancestors lived from, around, 1712 to 1762. The farm looked much different back then. This "house" was built by a distant relative to us a few years ago. When our ancestors lived in Kulebo, the farm might have looked like picture 2 and 3. Even though our ancestors died or moved from the village the farm was still kept within the family for generations. Our ancestor, Karin, had a brother - named - Börge Olufsson who was running the farm when he was succeeded by his son, Olof Börgesson, and so on. Kulebo could be traced back, at least, to 1535, but it's probably older than that. At that time it was only one farm. Around 1700 it became two farms. Usually a Swedish farm back then consisted of a couple of farm buildings. In spite of all building it wasn't unusual to, during the winter, keep the animals inside the house together with the family. The beds were situated at the walls and a couple of people slept in the same bed.

How are you? I did a search on the internet yesterday and found some additions to the family tree. Let me know if I can't find the head characters. The head characters are our ancestors Lars Andersson and Brita Anundsdotter. They were married in 1666. Brita Anundsdotter was from Glosebo. She was the daughter of Anund Olufsson, farmer 1611-1644, and had a couple of siblings; Karin (d.1675-10-24), Måns (b.1616) – soldier (in 1638) and farmer (from 1645), Mårten – soldier 1650-1655 and Sten (b.1636) – soldier 1660.

Anund Olufsson's father was Oluf Anundsson, farmer 1576-1604 and soldier 1582-1589, his father was Anund Persson, farmer 1550-1579 and his father Per Mårtensson, farmer 1535-1550. They all lived in Glosebo 1. Per Mårtensson had a brother, Oluf Mårtensson Pung, farmer 1535-1564, Glosebo 2. Their father's name must have been Mårten. He was probably a farmer, maybe born 1470 and maybe living in Glosebo/

Sweden was regularly in wars in the 16^th and 17^th centuries. The main enemy was Denmark, but also Poland and Russia, and from 1630 Sweden took part in the Thirty Years War in Germany. It's estimated that Sweden, from 1620 to 1640, lost 90 000 men in the wars. The Swedish population was around 1 500 000. Stockholm, the capital, had around 9 000 citizens. Sweden was Sweden, Estonia and Finland. Estonia was Swedish 1561-1721 and Finland was Swedish maybe 1150-1809. Most of the Swedish soldiers didnt die on the battlefields, but in the garrison cities instead. This was 200 years before Florence Nightingale changed the situation in the Crimean War. The diseases and the bad hygiene killed more than the enemies did. In the end of the 1640's about 4/5 were foreign mercenaries in the Swedish armed forces.

Lars Andersson was a farmer, juryman, barber and respected member of the society. His barn had once functioned as a custody. He was someone to be counted on in Torsås parish. His father was juryman and his grandfather was a sheriff. He was married twice. His second marriage was with Brita Anundsdotter.

This shows Glosebo which I wrote about in the last email. The house on the site is not from the 16th century. It's instead from 2008, but shows how it looked when our ancestors lived in Glosebo. Per Mårtensson hired the farm from the church. He had to pay every year to the church for cultivating the farm.

Hi!

I take the opportunity to send the same message to all of you. This small picture shows what farms in Sweden looked like back in the 16th century. It might give you a good picture of how your ancestors lived. It's small, but it's something. There'll more to come.

Regards, Per

Hi, Leigh!

I have attached a few photos and a link to the rest of the photos. They show the inside of Torsås church, for example the baptismal. I cannot fully express how important Torsås church was for our ancestors. It was central and essential for them. The church has gone through many changes over the years. The biggest changes were made 1777 to 1778, but the oldest parts could be traced back to medieval time. Torsås was from time to time a warzone. In 1519 the Danes attacked Torsås. It was repeated in 1564, 1611 and 1644. In 1644 Danish mercenaries plundered, killed and burned. 137 farms were deserted. The vicarage was burned down in 1611. Our ancestors were forced to attend the divine services every Sunday. If they didnt show up, they were reported and risked punishment. The church worked as a propaganda central for the king.

Regards, Per

Last weekend Karin, I and Tassa went to our ancestors’ area in Torsås parish. We walked the same roads as our ancestors did in the 16, 17 and 18 centuries. We passed their farms which they cultivated for generations. The name of the village is Hallasjö. The attached photo shows where our ancestor was born in 1752. (Leigh-Wilbur-Almo-Olaus-Lars-Gertrud-Per). Per’s older brother (Nils b.1749) took over the farm. The house is rather old and has traces back to 18 and early 19 centuries. Our family could be trace back here to 1535. The first farmer was Holme Bildt (1535-1537), then Anders Bildt (1539), Lasse Bildt and Anders Bildt (1540), Anders Bildt (1543-1553), again Holme Bildt and Sone Bildt (1553), Holme Bildt (1558-1562) and Sone Bildt (1558). How the Bildt’s were related I dont know. But Holme Bildt was one of our ancestors. Holme Bildt was succeeded by his son Bonde Holmesson (a brother to our ancestor Jon Holmesson). Bonde Holmesson was a farmer in Hallasjö from 1569 to 1613. He was succeeded by his son Anders Bondesson. He was farmer from 1615 to 1652. He was succeeded by his son Bonde Andersson and who was the farmer from 1644 to 1660. Then his sons came Olof Bondesson (farmer from 1667 to 1673) and Håkan Bondesson (farmer from 1668 to 1671). Håkan Bondesson then became soldier and military boatswain. In 1669 he didn't need to pay tax, since he was a soldier. From 1667 there was another branch in the family who lived in Hallasjö. Their names were Lars Svensson and Kirstin Månsdotter. The farm was then divided between four of Lars Svensson’s children. On December 21, 1664, Lars Svensson so severly wounded a guy that he later died. I have an extended description of the whole case which I can send you. There will be more photos and information later.

I was in Torsås and took some photographs, which might be of interest for you. The attached photo shows the church in Torsås, a place where some many of our ancestors and relatives have been at baptisms, funerals and weddings etc over the years. The church, as it looks today, was built 1777-1778. I have gotten in touch with a relative, Craig Freeberg, who had visited your website. He has some photos which you might find interesting. Have you been in contact with them?

Here are some notes about how the life was for common Swedish people in the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries. I think it’s more valuable to be able to put the relatives in their historical context. But this is just a very short summary. The main source is Peter Englund's Ofredsår. It might also be translated to English, but the title is not available at this time.

Food. What did the ordinary people eat in the 17th century? They ate soup, porridge, gruel, peas, cabbage, turnips, berries and fish. Another important part of the diet was dry dark bread. It may have been baked every other month, made by rye or barley and in the best cases flavored with wort or fennel. Along with all this everyone (even the children) drank beer. Meat and light bread were considered to be luxuries. If they ate meat, it was often sprinkled with salt. There was way to preserve the food. In fact they preserved fish with salt, too.

Clothing. How were they dressed? The farmers wore simple, home made trousers and coats in rough homespun (or you may call it frieze and/or russet), which often was grey and thick sheep’s wool.

Family. Wedding and the family. When a child was born, it was often a matter for the immediate family. One example was when the child was to be baptized. The child was given a name to honor one of the dead ancestors. You can see it in your own family tree. For example, Lars Pehrsson was probably named Lars to honor his grandfather, Lars Andersson. Since there was no child welfare program, the grandparents took care of the child. To become accepted as an adult, the youths had to prove certain things. In several villages there were special stones that the young men had to carry or throw. They had to steer the plow or carry a sack of corn. In the next stage, after being accepted as an adult, it was time for marriage. Again, it was a matter for the family. Without any doubt the family played a role in deciding who was going to marry who, even though the church declared that the marriage was an agreement between man and woman. But in the 17th century love more and more played a bigger role. For the bride, the marriage changed a few things. Since she was married she had to cover her hair with a so-called “female hood”. Before marriage she could show her hair. It was forbidden for people who weren’t married to have any physical love. People were punished, either with whipping or fine, or in some cases both. Sometimes even worse penalties waited.

Death. It was a matter for the neighbor as well as for the family. The neighbors were responsible for the death knell and grave opening and followed the family to the burial and to the funeral feast. It was often magnificent, sometimes even elaborate. After this the heir and heiress decided together about what to do with the deceased’s belongings. We shall remember that until 1845 the women inherited only 50 percent of what the men inherited. But in 1845 they inherited equally. In 1858, an unmarried woman over 25 year could be "of age" after a court decision. If she got married she was again "under age". It was not until 1921, the same year that women were allowed to vote, that women were "of age".

Alcohol. The view of alcohol in the history. Servants had the right to take a dram. It was a glassful of Scandinavian vodka which was taken six o’clock in the morning, often on an empty stomach. At noon, it was not uncommon to take another dram. You can then understand that there were many drunken people in the country. In the mid 18th century, the countess Eva de la Gardie came upon the idea of making Scandinavian Vodka from potatoes. Before then it had been made from corn. We shall keep in mind that people made their own Scandinavian Vodka. In the late 18th century the government tried to stop home distilling, but they had to retreat. But as the year passed on something alarming happened in Sweden. The drinking increased in an alarming and uncontrollable extent. The population was close to “drinking themselves to death”. Home distilling was gradually forbidden, and to control the alcohol distribution the government created a state-controlled company for the sale of wines and spirits. To take even more control, the liquor ration book was introduced. It was used from 1914 to 1955. People had to make application to get the liquor ration book. After approval of the applicant’s order, thereafter he or she was given a large amount of alcohol to buy per month. Every purchase was registered in the book. If there was abuse of alcohol, the book could be withdrawn. Home distilling for household use, as it was called, was first forbidden in 1718 but was made lawful in 1731 for farmers if they paid a fee to the State. After 1776 it was forbidden from time-to-time. It was permanently forbidden in 1860. Today only people age 20 and over are allowed to buy liquor.

Religion. The church was very important for the people in Sweden. It was from the pulpit they got the news. In some cases the church was some sort of propaganda central for the State, especially in times of war. Sweden decided in 1593 to formally leave Catholicism and go over to being Lutheran. In centuries to come it was forbidden to have any other religion. People who practiced against this could be executed. The church was in sole control, but was an instrument for the State.

Military. When the enlistment in the early 17th century took place in the church, the state realized that it had to have some sort of control system knowing who could be of current for military service. That was the first step for the Swedish parish registration. In the early 17th century the State decided to reorganize the armed forces. In the 16th century the army had consisted of mercenary soldiers. Even though the soldiers were professional, there was a huge problem. It was expensive and cost a lot of money. The State realized it wasn’t worth it and they had to find other solutions. The solution became a domestic army. The soldiers were men over 15 years old, in the theory that there was no “top” age. So in principle all men over 15 years old could be enlisted. But in practice men between 18 and 40 were selected first. In fact, they didn’t choose all men. There was a system where out of ten men, one was chosen. This enlistment, which is not a good word since they didn’t get paid and they had not volunteered, took place in the church. But there were loopholes in the system. People, often rich people, could pay anyone to take their place in the armed forces. Many poor young men came this way into the army. People in general realized what the war meant...a sure death. There were people who wouldn’t accept this and escaped into the forests. They were considered to be outlaws and could therefore be killed. But those in the army all died on the battlefields that were sent to the far-away places where Sweden fought. Many soldiers died in the garrison stations. The hygiene was bad and diseases spread quickly and with devastating result and extent. Very few survived the wars. Conscriptions increased and more soldiers were sent to the front. But in the long run the situation became precarious. The State started to fill the gaps with mercenary soldiers again. Again problems came. The mercenaries were professional and skillful soldiers, but their only loyalty was money. If they didn’t get money, they didn’t fight. It wasn’t more difficult than that. Once again the State had to reorganize the armed forces. This time the solution was an army built on professional, domestic and volunteer soldiers. But again it wasn't 100 percent voluntary because vagabonds and the unemployed could be forced to join the army. Even so, it was more voluntary than before. In peacetime the soldiers were ordinary crofters. They had a crofter’s holding. It was regulated. The farmers living in the area, I think you will call it a "file", paid the soldier’s house. They paid reparations of the house too. In exchange the farmers didn’t have to enter the war. The same system existed for the navy’s personnel. But as the years passed by, the war changed step-by-step. The armies of the world became bigger and bigger. Napoleon the First created an army of compulsory military service. All-in-all, around 2 million men. Even though it took time, Sweden changed gradually from a professional army to an army like Napoleon’s. In 1901, Sweden formally went over to an army of compulsory military service. But for some decades before, young men did some sort of military service. I am convinced that your great-grandfather, Olaus Larsson, did too. But it came step-by-step.

I have translated and copied some information about our ancestors and relatives which shows that they according to the law back then is some way acted like Al Capone during the Volsted Act, and I haven't even written about the speakeasies placed nearby the churches that our ancestors attended. In other words; more to come. Regards, Per

Al Capone and his fellows were no inventors of smuggling. Our ancestors were involved 400 years before Capone and his gang. The Swedish king Gustav Vasa tried to stop the trade in 16th century, but was unsuccesful. The ancestors got more paid for the cattle in Denmark than Sweden, so they brought their cattle to Denmark instead and sold it there. Vasa wanted them to make business in Kalmar (Sweden) rather than Ronneby, Avaskär and Lyckå (Denmark). It was a question of losing income for Sweden. But he also didn't want Sweden to become depended on Denmark. Several wars were fought between Denmark and Sweden. In 1658 at the peace in Roskilde the map changed. A couple of Danish provinces became Swedish and the border was moved south. Lyckå, Avaskär and Ronneby were now Swedish, but still the government were reluctant to have a totally free trade (see below).

Nils Dacke rebellion in the 1500s was not a single proof of Småland's despite against state power. Their despite resistance and resentment lived on for centuries. The Age of Liberty (1718-1772) didn't change the situation. Since Gustav Vasa's days it was strictly forbidden to trade in the countryside. It was only selling its own products. It also had to buy supplies for their own use. But it was only in the cities that it was permissible to professionally do the buying and selling others' products. This was something that strongly dismissed by the peasant. In return, it was difficult to prosecute this illegal trade. Gustav Vasa said it was equally difficult to "take all these buyers for the head", as capture all the wolves which ran in the woods. In the 1740's the peasants were warned even from the pulpit not to transfer any timber, such as timber, beams, boards and the like. But apparently our relatives did not respond positively to the Church words and admonitions, as they continued to bring their goods to Karlskrona. In November 1748 some farmers and a rural police chief were brought to trial. They were the owners of three boats with illegal timber cargo board. Some of them had delivered to trade man Paul Pihlgaard in Karlskrona, which in turn had delivered to the Karlskrona shipyard for Royal Admiralty's behalf. In February 1749 the proceedings resumed and the farmers who had delivered wood to Nils Petersson and Carl Stensson's shipload were also at the trial. Including Lars Israelsson in Törnemåla and Olof Andersson in St Skörebo. It emerged during the trial that Carl Stensson and Nils Petersson was not the sole owner of the boat. One of the owners above mentioned Olof Andersson, though not convicted in the trial.
Olof Andersson was our ancestor. Lars Israelsson was brother to one our ancestors.

The Age of Liberty

When Charles XII. died, Sweden found itself in a kind of political vacuum. Charles XII. had ruled from his camp. Unlike Gustav Adolf, he did not delegate authority on ministers, but decided mostly himself in a truly absolutist style. And so, government perished with him in 1718. Back in Stockholm were Baron Goertz, Charles XII. confidant, Ulrika Eleonora, Charles' sister, her husband Frederik of Hessen, then Karl Fredrik of Holstein-Gottorp, another candidate to the Swedish throne, and the Swedish Estates (Riksdag). Ulrika Eleonora had the unpopular Baron Goertz arrested and - after accepting a number of conditions - was payd homage by the estates. These conditions limited royal power; they are regarded being a contract between sovereign and people. Actually, power shifted to the Rigsrad which was responsible to the estates. The period dominated by Rigsrad, the estates and their parties is called Sweden's ERA OF LIBERTY (1718-1772). Two rival parties emerged, the hats and the caps. At first, the older CAPS, a group around Arvid Horn, dominated Swedish politics until 1738. They generally were pro-Russian and pursued a policy of peace. From 1739 to 1765 the HATS, generally pro-French, mercantilist and aimed to regain Sweden's status as a great power. From 1765 to 1765, it was the caps again, from 1769 to 1772 the hats again. The age of liberty came into being, because the influential politicians in the estates - foremost the noblemen - took advantage of the power vacuum which appeared at Charles XII. death in 1718. There were several claimants to the Swedish throne, and the estates, by paying homage to ULRIKA ELEONORA, were kingmakers. They assured, that the future kings resp. queens would not rule absolute. The privileges obtained by the estates limited royal power so far, that Sweden in fact became what later historians described as an aristocratic republic . The king's say in politics was limited. The crown was passed on frequently, and every new king had to sign the estates' privileges before being paid homage. During Sweden's age of liberty (a more contemporary expression), the country's constitution was based upon the ideas formulated by ERIC SPARRE (-1600) : the constitutional principle, the democratic principle, the bureaucratic principle, the corporative principle, the secrecy principle. The constitution foresaw the separation of the branches of government, with clearly defined responsibilities. However, the corporative principle assured that only the property owning segment of population, organised by estate, could participate in political decisions, a principle which clearly favoured the nobility and clergy. The older caps (until 1738), aware of Russia's military power and Sweden's inferiority, preserved peace. When the hats took over in 1739, they looked for an opportunity to recover territories ceded to Russia in 1721. In the Russo-Swedish War of 1761-1743, the regiment from Dal had suffered extraordinary losses; here in May 1743 dissatisfied Dalecarls met and marched on Stockholm, demanding Prince Karl Peter Ulrich to be crowned King of Sweden. They camped on a market aquare in central Stockholm; violence erupted and the Dalecarls were suppressed. The event, under the name of Store Daldansen (great Dalecarl dance), entered the history books as Sweden's last peasant rebellion.
The wars showed that Sweden was too weak to defend itself without having a strong ally. Foreign states interfered in Sweden's politics, the Russians and English supporting the caps, the French supporting the hats - this support included bribes. Sweden's politicians increasingly became dependent on foreign subsidies, as an extraordinary source of income.
In 1766 the Riksdag enacted PRESS FREEDOM, which has been a pillar of Swedish society ever since.
In the late 1760es Swedish politics underwent a transformation. Traditionally the noble estate provided active leadership in Sweden's Riksdag (parliament). In 1772 the non-noble estates demanded that non-nobles and nobles alike should be appointed to higher office only on their merits and capability, an affront to nobility.

In 1774 the first Jewish family was permitted to take up permanent residence in Stockholm.

From Dick Harrison’s Jarlens Sekel, freely translated from Swedish to English

Wedding. Weddings were often held in the autumn since the food supply was the greatest after the harvest.

Some of us maybe believe that the stag party for the groom-to-be and the hen party for bride-to-be are quite new phenomena. But they aren’t. They have existed for centuries. In the 16th and 17th centuries, the bride was led by female friends to a bathing cottage, where they drank and had fun. After the bath they went out from the cottage, where the virgins were wearing wreaths in their hair. They ate the evening meal and some of the participants stayed the whole night together. Meanwhile, the bridegroom and his fellows feasted and sometimes it was a real roughhouse when the beer was abundantly flowing.

The climax during the wedding after the bride's journey, however, was the party. They ate and drank in huge amounts during the evening and night and the host's did their best so everyone had fun; so much fun that they would talk about the event for years to come, praising the good beer (or mead), and the fat meat. Between the turns, jolly dances occurred. One famous in all of Scandinavia was the so-called “stabbedansen”; where the bridal couple was placed in the middle of the hall and the guests were dancing all around them.

After all had enough partying, it was time for the end of the wedding and the most important part from a juridical perspective. The bride and the bridegroom were removed to bed. They marched or staggered to the “bride room”, followed by relatives and friends with candles and torches. Normally the woman and her company went first, then the man and his group. When the march was over and the couple safely had come together in the bed, the others returned to the party, which wasn’t over just because the leading figures had left the scene. All this was worldly and open. Beer drinking, jokes, gormandize and rough sexual illusions. The church had nothing to do with it.

Hi, Evan, Gordon, Leigh and Velma! Here comes more criminals and a brutal crime, where one of our relatives took part in. His name was Lars Olufsson. I will write more about him later, when he have finished translating all his crimes. Because he was a notorious criminal in the Torsås area in the 17th century.

Best regards, cousin Per

A great problem in 17^th century was the many highwaymen and bandits who operated in the borderlands between Småland and Blekinge. Stealing, fights, killings and other crimes were frequent. Thick-skinned and indecent fellows who ranged in the forests committed these crimes. Such bandits were Anders Smålänning, Joan Styckie, Lowa-Jonn, Bastare-Håkan etc. Most notorious of them all were Håkan Trulsson (called Tjuva Håkan=thief Håkan) and Lars Olofsson (called Lönbo-Lasse).

In 1686, the Sunday after Midsummer Day, came Håkan Tyggesson together with Lönbo-Lasse and Tjuva-Håkan to Jöns Nilsson in Glosebo. But he was in the church at the moment, so they could easily fish pikes in the mere near to the farm. When Jöns Nilsson came home, they started to argue about the fishing earlier that day. Tjuva-Håkan and Lönbo-Lasse mingled in the fight, and Tjuva-Håkan went forward to Jöns and said that he (Jöns) had spoken badly about Tjuva-Håkan to the parson. Jöns denied that, but Håkan took a few steps back, raised the rifle and shot Jöns. The criminals fled from the scene of their crime, and the next day Jöns died.

Håkan Tyggesson was judged for the participation in the murder. But in front of judge he told a story of how the day of the killing of Jöns, had done innocent pleasures. Fishing of pikes and hunting wild-ducks. He managed to convince the judge that he was innocent. He was set free, but he was judged to pay fine for trade with stolen properties (another crime not related to the killing of Jöns Nilsson). Tjuva-Håkan was judged for the murder, but he managed to flee. Soldiers were sent after him, but it took nearly two years before the justice caught him up. In May 1688 Tjuva-Håkan visited Amund in Skälstången. Amund gave him food and Scandinavian vodka. When Tjuva-Håkan swaggered about all crimes he had done, Amund lost his temper and with an axe-head hit him twice in the head. Tjuva-Håkan died, but Amund wasn't charged for the killing. The legality in the killing of Tjuva-Håkan was never questioned.

Hi, Leigh! Thanks for the attached files. I have put in some in the data about Christina and August and their children. In fact I was in contact with Andrew Peterson, and he thought that August Norlin's first wife Louise was a sister to Christina. But I don't believe that, because I haven't found any evidence for that theory, and now on the pages you send me I saw he had written a John Anderson as Louise Norlin's father. Anyway, have you got in contact with Andrew Peterson? I haven't heard anything from Jörgen Danielsson yet. He wrote that he was busy this week, but that he at the end of the week will try to send some pictures. I look forward to see them. When I get them I will send them to you. Maybe it will take some time. I noticed you have changed a little bit on your homepage. Are you preparing for more picture of Wilbur Larson's offsprings? I have thought of a couple of questions, I want to ask you. Have Peter I:son Fröberg been in contact with you? I gave him the address to your homepage. But in fact I don't know if he has Internet at all. Then I wonder whether someone other Lars Pehrsson relative have been in contact with you. You had written the names of Clara Johanna Lewis and Henry Lewis, but still there were no information, only their names. I also notice that you haven't got all information of the crimes, so I send you the next part of "Lönbo-Lasse" crimes.

Best regards, Per

People was satisfied and calmed down when Tjuva-Håkan was executed. Earlier that year Lönbo-Lasse had also been condemned to death and was now in safe custody on Kalmar castle. They just awaited the court of appeal to ratify the death sentence. But they shouldn't be rid of him that easy.

His origin name was Lars Olsson/Olufsson. In his youth he served four years as a soldier. Even then he had stolen things and had to run the gauntlet six times in Vassmolösa. Later he joined the band of highwaymen, who lived in the forests. During a few years he had operated together with Tjuva-Håkan, who had been a loyal servant to him. The second intercession day 1686, they went to Anders Larsson in Buskabod, Fridlevstad. He was away on the morning service. Every man was in the church, so the thieves could operate undisturbed. A few women were left but Lasse and Håkan got rid of them by lock them up in a cottage on the farm. It was the hope chest they wanted. Håkan kept watch while Lasse in peace and quiet could take the expensive articles: 9 silver belt, 16 silver chains, 5 silver spoons, 2 silver rings, 2 pair of leather breeches, 10 chamois leather, 1 coat with silver buckle, skirts, shoes, trousers, sweaters, gloves, caps, various jewelry in silver etc. In "Danska Flyen" they unlawfully had taken silver and clothes, and in Elmbo, Konga jurisdictional district, they had stolen one silver spoon and on cheese, while the owner watched. But Lasse had much more than these crimes on his conscience, and the jury and the peasantry in Torsås and Vissefjärda parishes complained miserable about his and his fellow's indecent robberies, which filled the people with terror. But now he was jailed in Kalmar castle, in safe custody. They all believed.

The court of appeal changed the verdict, from death to run gauntlet twice and then work the rest of his life with iron collar in Marstrand. After he had ran gauntlet he managed to escape twice from those who should take him to Marstrand. Soon he was back in his home districts, but he didn't dare/risk to stay at his wife's house. Instead he lived in the forests between Lönbo and Glosebo. He hoped to get pardon from the king so he kept quiet for a year without making any people any hurt. There were many that were accused in front of the judge because they during this time had housed or given him food and drink. It was worst for Maria Persdotter in Öjebomåla who had let him in while the manservants tried to catch him. She denied, but was convicted when they found Lasse's coat hanging in her hall. Then she confessed that she had helped him escaped from the window when they sheriff entered. For her offence she was whipped. But it didn't take long time before Lasse was back in the game again. Six weeks before Easter in 1690, he met Ingier Åkesdotter in Långemåla in Tvings parish. She became a loyal companion. The day after Easter they went north on false passport. According to Lars the meaning was that he should get work in Kopparberget and by that save his own life. Outside Linköping they were caught and removed to Kalmar castle. In June 1690 pro tempore district court-session was held in Vassmolösa to hear Lars Olsson. The session continued in two days, during which Lasses whole register of his sins passed in review before a big public. Except for stealing, he was accused of various faults. In Kroksmåla while the people was in church, he had frightened the old man Jon Persson and his wife (who were at home and watched the farm) so they were forced to flee to the forest. Whereupon he undisturbed could grabb whatever he wanted. At Tygge in Skruvemåla, Gumme in Petamåla and Per in Hägemåla, he had stolen silver. In Torhult he had hit Per Germundsson, taken food and drink, barked on his wife and fired his rifle, so the wad had fallen on a maid carrying Per's child. Boatswain Hindrich Malm was hit with the rifle under the left ear.

A purse, which Lasse had when they captured him, consisted of silver (which had stolen from Johan Svensson in Långasjö). A leather purse contained with witchcraft articles, among these a snakehead, a fetal membrane, rowan, a raven heart etc. He had been given the things on the way to Marstrand, but he said that he didn't know what the purpose with the things was or the name of the man who had given him these things. It was illegal to devote to black magic.

Many people came to the judge and accused Lars for thefts, they believed Lars had done. Lasse answered them by saying they shouldn't accuse him for things he hadn't done. Lasse told that there were people who committed crimes. He continued to say that Per Löf's wife in Bungamåla, had asked him to get her arsenic to kill her stepson. Lasse also knew what Gertrud Jonsdotter in Stålberg should mix in the drinks to get rid of an uncomfortable witness. Lars Olsson was exorted consider his eternal souls blessedness and truthful confess what more he had done those years he spent in the forest. But he claimed that he had nothing more to admit and applied for pardon. The Judge for second time condemned him to death. This time the sentence was carried out. He was hanged October 1, 1690.

SOURCE: Laurentius Larsson

Date: Sunday, November 05, 2006 1:59 PM

Hello, Evan, Gordon and Leigh!

How are you? I’ve written before about changes when it comes to the names in the family. Olaus Larsson kept his name but some of his brothers didn’t. Gustav Larsson wasn’t the only in the family who changed name. He had two brothers (Peter and Sven) who also did it. I’ll provide you with some information about the family that you might find interesting. Sven changed his name from Larsson to Freeberg. Sometimes when people are changing from one name to another its because they want to escape from something, in some cases – the police. To the best of my knowledge this wasn’t the situation when Sven decided to use Freeberg instead of Larsson. But not every one of Sven’s ancestors had followed the law. One of your ancestors Karin became widow (around) 1650. She moved to her daughter Gertrud who lived in Rödeby parish. At that time it was Denmark (since 1658 Rödeby belongs to Sweden), but Gertrud died in 1652. Then Karin decided to move back to Sweden and to the place that she lived before she went to her daughter. She was then accused of smuggling her cattle across the border. I don’t know the verdict, but the relations between Denmark and Sweden was, at the time, pretty complicated. It was peace, but it didn’t change much. Denmark and Sweden were archrivals, seldom allies. But nothing last forever, between 1657 and 1660 Denmark and Sweden fought a war against each other. The border area was hard affected not so much of the regular troops but the paramilitary units. Torsås (where our ancestors lived) was situated at the border to Denmark. People like Karin always had the war threat hanging over them, but still life had to go on. Suddenly the peace could change into war and they had to choose between stay at the farm (and hope for the best) or hide in the forest. It was peace again, between 1660 and 1675, but when Karin died in 1676, there was another war between Denmark and Sweden. When she died she was described as “an old lady”. She was, as far as I am concerned, not a victim of the war, but most likely by old age. But wars weren’t the only problem for our ancestors. Between 1695 and 1697 there was a devastating failure of crops. There was a long and cold winter which stopped the sowing right until midsummer. The rest of the summer became cold and rainy and the night frost came early and ruined the small harvest that they had hoped on. People died on their farms and on the roads. They have estimated that 100 000 people died as a consequence, it was 10 % of the Swedish population. In Finland, which belonged to Sweden from around 1100 to 1809, nearly 1/3 of the population died. The infant mortality was extremely high during the period. It never rains but it pours. In 1700 and to 1718 Sweden was in war, at the same time, with Denmark, Poland and Russia. Between 1710-1711 the plague hit Sweden, and 1716-1718 there was a new failure of crops. The exact figure is impossible to tell, but in 1697 (according to one source) Sweden had 1 363 000 inhabitants and in 1718 1 205 000 inhabitants. Its an reduction of 158 000 people. According to one estimation only the plagued killed 100 000 people; for example 1/3 of the population in Stockholm died. But many of our ancestors and relatives also died because of the plague. A doctor, named Magnus Bromell, suggested people to “mix fresh cow dung with vinegar and then press the sap from it and drink it to some bowls of a spoon”.

If I shall return to where I started this email, the name Freeberg was probably inspired by the home village Fröbbestorp and Sven’s brother Peter Fröberg. This Peter Fröberg studied at upper secondary school, which at that time was unusual for children whose parents were farmers. Maybe his father wanted to show the rest of the community that he was in cash. Peter Fröberg worked at the county sheriff’s office (and for eleven months as county sheriff), then later at the auctioner’s office, the post office and county secretariat. On November 21, 1868, he became prosecutor in the Swedish navy at one naval base in the city of Karlskrona. At his spare time he was also a barrister. I have attached a picture of Peter Fröberg, which I have received from his great grandson Peter I:sson Fröberg. I don’t know from where Gustav took his name, but there was certainly nothing that had anything to do with his home district in Sweden. Maybe he just “grabbed” a name that happen to pop up in his head. Here its pumpkin time, but we have a Swedish tradition that is much older than Halloween. This weekend is ornamentation of graves. We have been doing this in Sweden for almost 50 yrs, before that the ornamentation took place on Christmas instead. You can see lights placed all over the cemetery. It’s beautiful in the evening. I have found out that it might not have been a coincidence that you served in the military. Our ancestors belonged to the Löf family. One of our ancestors was Hans Larsson Löf. He must have been born around 1510 and was farmer between 1535 and 1575. His widow cultivated the farm in 1578. But as the society looked back then the names of the women were seldom mentioned in the documents, so we don’t know her names. Anyway, a couple of their descendants were soldiers in the Swedish army in the end of 16th century and early 17th century. One (Lars Svensson Löf) was a cavalryman, another (Oluf Svensson Löf) was a foot soldier (armed with a pike). Lars Svensson Löf served in the military between 1618 and 1619, and then in 1624. Oluf Svensson Löf was in the military from 1623 to 1624. Sweden was in the 1620’s engaged in war in the Baltic States. At the time Latvia was a part of Poland-Lithuania. Sweden was successful in the war and in 1629 (the armistice in Altmark, Poland) Latvia became Swedish.

Best regards, Per

The house and work take up much of my time, but don’t think I have forgotten you. I haven’t.

How are you? I have attached material about your heritage in southeast Sweden. I have tried to sum up some of the extended material that I have. There’ll be more to come, but it takes time to translate.

It was built around 1250. It was a dramatic and violent period in southeast Sweden’s history. The coastal area was hard affected by Estonian pirates and churches at the coast were built from both a religious and defence perspective. They were called ”defence churches”. The material was stone. In some area the church was the only building made by stone and the purpose was to rescue the whole surrounding population if the enemy came. But Torsås church has going through changes over the years. There was a conversion in the late 17^th century. Our relatives took part in the renovations. One of them worked with the roof. Other contributed economically. Radical changes were made 1777 to 1778. Attached is a drawing from 1749 showing what the church looked like back then. There is an altar screen from the 1470’s.

The church was the key place in Sweden in the 16^th, 17^th, 18^th and 19^th centuries. This was the State’s propaganda central. They used the priests as their megaphones. They were especially necessary in turbulent times, when Sweden was in war etc. In some of the churches there were loopholes as well.

Southeast Sweden, where our ancestors lived, was for centuries a battlefield. Wars and civil wars replaced each other. There was a civil war 1542-1543 and a war 1563-1570. That war was devastating for the population in southern Sweden. Around 5 000 farms were and some cities had been affected. When our ancestor Sveno Nicolai (Sven Nilsson) came to Torsås in 1566 the vicarage was ravaged. Sven Nilsson was born in 1540 in Stora Väcklinge, Reftele parish. He was married to Unknown in 1579. Maybe her name was Sigrid. I don’t know anything about Sven Nilsson’s background before he came to Torsås in 1566. I can only assume that his father was a priest, a wealthy farmer or maybe nobility who could afford sending his son to education, in Sweden or maybe even France or Germany. As other priests Sven Nilsson changed his name to sound more Latin. Sven became Sveno and Nilsson became Nicolai. It was very common among priests in Sweden to do so. From that we can draw the conclusion that his father’s first name was Nils. We can further assume that he must have been born around 1510. Sveno Nicolai was born in a borderarea to Denmark. Reftele parish, as well as Torsås, had also been hard affected by wars and civil wars, so he was probably used with what he saw when he came to Torsås. But even if his starting position, from an economical perspective, wasn’t good he managed to make a small fortune within a couple of years. In 1571 he was the wealthiest man in Torsås parish and in 1574 he was a member of the Swedish parliament. He attended the queen’s funeral in Uppsala 1584. For that he got tax relief. In 1593 in Uppsala he signed the document that officially made Sweden Lutheran.

In the Kalmar war, fought 1611 to 1613, the entire Torsås parish was burned down. The population was forced to spend the winter in the forest. Kalmar castle, a key in the Swedish defence system, was occupied by Danish forces. Kalmar was burned down too. Wars, as all wars now and then, were brutal. The Kalmar war was no exception. The Danish city of Kristianopel was invaded by Swedish forces on June 26, 1611. Not much to brag about but it appears as at least one of our relatives/ancestors played a leading role in that military operation. The Swedes blew up the gate with a petard (which was an explosive charge that was hanged on fortress gates) and pressed into the city. The Danish army woke up under confusion and was soon wiped out. Only women, children and other “defenceless people” were spared. After that the city was plundered. Big stores and supplies and a huge war chest fell into the hands of the Swedes. As a La Grande Finale the city was then burned down (including the church). Kristianopel existed as a city between 1599 and 1677. The Swedes finally destroyed the city in 1677 in another war with Denmark. In 1606 there was 700 people (1/3 was Danish soldiers) living in Kristianopel. The city had been built on an island surrounded by up to 9 metres high walls. Some of the walls are still there in Kristianopel.

Kristianopel replaced Avaskär. Avaskär was a medieval Danish city which was plundered and burned down by the Swedish on September 15, 1563. Avaskär was also important for our Swedish ancestors. They brought horces, butter, hides and bullocks to Denmark, because they got better paid for them there than in Sweden. There was a huge demand for these products in Denmark. Stock farming was Torsås’ principal industry back then. Avaskär is mentioned, first, 1350. Around 1540 Sweden had 1 000 000 people of whom 90 000 lived in Småland (the province where our ancestors came from). Most of them lived on the 12 000 farms in the province. There were big differences between the farmers. Of the 12 000 farms about 30 % was cultivated of tenant farmers with the exception of the southeast part of the province. There were instead the tenant farmers in majority. Because of the increasing population the competition about available state- or nobility tenancies was tough. The price for hire forced up the price. They who where hardest affected were the small farmers in the wooded districts. In the social pyramid there were even people under the small farmers and in the bottom of it were servants and the crofters. The flat country’s villages could consist of up to 20 farms. Some of them contained between 12 and 15 acres. They cultivated mainly barley and rye. The arable lands, outside the flat country, were small and stony and seldom went beyond 3 acres. There were also woodlands which were grazed by the cattle. Småland, alone, stood for ¼ of Sweden’s “herd of cattle”. They fed up beef and milk was import in the diet. A cow, however, was not bigger than a fattened year-calf today. There were also many laws for our ancestors to follow. They weren’t allowed to cut down oak and beech or hunt moose, roe deer and red deer. But poaching was at the same time common. A wounded roe deer costed one ox in fine. Another important duty was beer brewing. A daily consumtion could be 3 litres.

The people on both sides of the border didn’t care much about the nationalities. For them it made no difference whether they were Danes or Swedes. They married each other and they warned each other if the war was coming etc. They traded with each other. There were so many similarities between them. The only thing that separated them was that they had separate capitals. But the Swedish king, Gustav Vasa, wanted to control the trade. From 1526 oxes and horses were not allowed to be sold in Denmark. The merchants were forbidden to make business with the farmers in the rural districts. The Torsås area had, before Gustav Vasa became king, been wealthy. The wealth was built by extended cattle breeding. From horses and neat cattle they got by-products as hides and tallow. At the same time they had tar and lumber from the pasture. The people in the Torsås area didn’t pay much attention to Gustav Vasa’s laws. They continued the trade. The ox- and horsetrade were punished with the death penalty, but since the trade apparently was extended (maybe the whole population in the area was involved) Gustav Vasa changed the penalty in 1541. Instead the criminals had to be a fine. Gustav Vasa suspected that some of the men who were to control this trade were corrupted. He thought them to be wealthier than they should have been.